Tips for Surviving the Subcontinent
India is a place of extremes, from lavish wealth to abysmal poverty; from beautiful natural landscapes to brutal urban slums; from blissfully peaceful settings to areas where you'll receive constant harassment; this country is guaranteed to induce emotional highs and lows in any traveller. It is certainly not for everybody, but if you have a keen sense of adventure or require an experience that will give you a jolt, India will thoroughly reward you. Extreme poverty, hideous pollution, an endless tide of touts and scammers and very poor infrastructure is offset by a diverse and warm people, amazing scenery and fantastic monuments, temples and history.
Culture shock is something you will definitely experience no matter what part of the world you are from. India is highly populated and the sheer number of people around you can be overwhelming at first. However, it's also important to remember that violent crime is low - generally the worst thing you'll experience is being ripped off by commission touts or a crushing bout of diarrhoea.
Single female travellers may find it harder than others; Indians interpret Westerners from our own media - especially advertising - which has a habit of depicting scantily clad "available" women. Thus many Indian men think all western women are of loose moral virtue and may try to get away with the odd sleazy approach or even grope. If possible, hook up with other female travellers, or if you find yourself in an intolerable situation, loudly draw attention to it - Indian men are easily shamed in public.
Travel
Be aware that many travel agencies in India are merely commission men who book through more reputable agencies and pocket the extra money you give them. Nearly all hotels and hostels can arrange flights, taxis etc. and usually only charge 5-10% commission which saves you the hassle of standing in the queue at the railway station. Always ask for a quote first and if you feel you aren't getting value for money, phone around or search the internet for comparable deals.
Railways
Travelling by train is a rewarding experience in most cases. However it can be confusing if you do not know how things work.
When you buy a ticket, you will either be assigned a seat number immediately or put on a "wait list" shown as W/L on your ticket. The wait list will consist of two numbers. The first number is the position you start the wait list on. Thus if you are waiting at 19th in the queue, 19 will be the first number. The second number is your current position, so in our example, initially that will be 19 too. However, if two people above you in the queue cancel, the second number will drop to seventeen - you will be W/L 19/17. Two hours before leaving the station, all the seats that have been set aside for dignitaries and railway employees etc. will be freed up and there's a good chance you will suddenly find yourself with a seat. I've started a wait list well into the 30s and still been assigned a seat two hours before departure, but it all depends on the train and the type of seat booked.
The railway carriage you are assigned to will often have a list stuck next to the door with all of the people booked and their seat numbers, so if you cannot check whether you have been assigned a seat via phone or the internet, turn up and check the carriage door. If you can't see your name, you can then decide if you want to take a chance and bluff your way on. You will usually be able to pay for either an upgrade or downgrade (be warned that a downgrade could mean travelling in a filthy carriage jam packed with people in very hot weather with no air conditioning).
For bookings, use the Indian Rail Website. You can use international credit cards to book, but the site is a little flaky (it has many, many users) and it may take a few attempts to actually book anything.
For more information, check out Seat61 which contains lots of useful information about riding the trains in India.
Taxis
Taxis and are cheap in India. Fares vary between states, but sometimes a pre-booked cab is the only way to travel, as you can go from A to B whilst visiting C and D on the way. Cabs can be booked via hotels, local travel agents, or take your pick from the local yellow pages. Drivers are generally reliable, honest and can occasionally act as a guide or even as a minder to keep away those pesky hawkers. Cabbies are normally paid a reasonable wage, so it is in their interest to keep you happy so that they keep their jobs. However, watch out for the fly-by-nights who offer you great deals on the streets. Their vehicles are usually on the verge of extinction and you may have to sit in sweltering heat while the driver tries to fix it every five miles you travel.
Vehicle Hire
Obviously you can hire a car in India, but almost invariably you have to return it to its point of origin. It's the same deal with bikes. Make sure you are a confident driver, as you'll need nerves of steel to confront the Indian road system.
Auto-rickshaws
The greatest trick the devil ever pulled was by cloning himself all over the world and going into the auto-rickshaw business. Treat every auto-rickshaw driver as a cheat and a liar (because they are). Do not let them take you anywhere other than your actual destination. Aim to pay 10 rupees per kilometre (it's actually less but that is a fair price) and make sure you agree the price up front (metered auto rickshaw drivers will drive you around for ten kilometres before dropping you off at your destination which was three kilometres away). Okay, so not all auto-rickshaw drivers are the devil, but in most big cities they will rob you blind or cart you around to every handicraft shop in town where they earn a commission before leaving you bruised and battered at your destination. Always refuse to be taken anywhere other than your destination and be firm about it, or you will be ripped off or exposed to high pressure sales techniques that can easily turn ugly.
Nearly all major railway stations have prepay auto-rickshaw stands outside them. Take your time and find these, or ask for directions at the information desk in the station. When you find them, you usually pay a nominal fee of 1 or 2 rupees to the stand and are given a ticket with a fair price to your destination. You will generally get no hassles from these drivers as they only get paid to take you where you want to go, but do not give the ticket to the driver until you reach your destination - he will not be paid without it.
Most importantly, do not encourage touts by going with the first idiot that latches onto you when you leave the station - you will pay between 3-5 times the regular price and encourage "good" drivers to the dark side when they see others making silly money by being aggressive at the station entrance.
You have been warned.
Buses
State buses have regular services - often hourly - to long distance destinations and can be jumped on at most central bus stands. You pay the conductor once you have climbed aboard in cash only. They are cheap and can get very packed at certain times of the day, but are definitely worth a go. Most state bus drivers are clinically insane and blind to any other traffic on the road. They also have a phobia about taking their foot off the accelerator.
More comfortable buses can be booked, but for me they weren't comfortable enough to justify the extra cost and the driving was almost as bad. At least you get the ultimate hair-raising thrill of nearly dying on a state bus. Don't sit at the back though - the buses thunder over bumps and pot holes in the road like they don't exist and you get the full spine rattling effect in the back seat.
Planes
I must admit, I only used Kingfisher Airlines as they had extensive internal routes, were cheap and were excellent in terms of service. However, there are other airlines you can use such as Jet and Air India.
I did have problems using my credit card on the Kingfisher Airlines website, in which case I used Ebookers for the same price plus a 5-10% commission.
Skyscanner is a good resource for finding cheap flights.
Rules of the Road
Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!
No seriously.
Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Haaa!
Okay, from meticulous study, the only rule I've worked out is that there is a hierarchy of objects on the road. Let's start from the lowest to the highest in order of importance (and therefore right of way).
Women. Sorry girls, but if anything is going to be run over it is you.
Children.
Men.
Bicycles.
Motorbikes.
Bicycle rickshaws.
Auto rickshaws.
Cars.
Vans and trucks.
Buses.
Finally the thing that gets complete right of way, the humble cow.
Travel Essentials
Immunisation. See your doctor at least six weeks before you travel to find out what you need to be immunised against.
A visa. Make sure you have one - nearly everybody requires one to enter the country.
Travel Insurance valid for what you intend to do (action sports etc.)
A medical kit including sterilised needles.
A mobile phone. Essential for emergencies and useful at all other times.
Conservative clothing - you need to cover up not just in Temples but on the streets. Local people can become indignant at the sight of foreigners wandering around in beach wear - even on the beach!
A torch and spare batteries (or even better, a wind up torch). Power cuts are rife all over India.
Toilet paper. Some hotels don't stock it, so always carry a roll just in case.
Mosquito repellent. Those pesky flies are everywhere - especially near areas of stagnant water where they breed. Deet based repellents are most effective, but be aware that deet is toxic and can cause allergic reactions.
A mosquito net.
Anti-malarials if you are going to a high risk zone.
A rain jacket. Even outside of the monsoon period, Indian skies can deliver lots of water very rapidly. Monsoon periods also vary between geographical regions, and some places have more than one monsoon.
A universal adapter for plugging in any electronic items you may have such as a mobile phone.
A pen knife or multitool.
Gaffer tape. Great for temporarily mending bags, mosquito nets, even clothes at a pinch.
Needle and thread.
A travel pouch. Something discreet that you can wear under your clothes to keep passports, credit cards and money safely hidden from the clutches of pick pockets.
Passport sized photographs. Always useful in case you lose your passport, need a phone sim or decide on the spur of the moment to get a visa for Nepal or something further afield.
Earplugs. India can be a noisy place especially in the cities.
A padlock and chain for securing your bags on trains, buses and even your hotel room. The padlock can come in handy to lock doors in some hostels/hotels where the lock is broken.
Two photocopies of your passport, kept in separate places in case you lose the original.
Phone numbers - emergency numbers, credit card and bank numbers etc. Keep a printed copy in case you lose your phone.
Loperamide (Imodium) tablets to stave off diarrhoea temporarily on those long journeys.
Accommodation
The variety of hotels all over India is vast, from renting a room in a converted palace (seriously) to a grubby, rat-infested toilet (seriously).
If you are just turning up in the hope of finding cheap, quality accommodation, then good luck! Always ask to see a room, check the toilet to make sure it has working facilities, lift a pillow and have a look for bed bugs (also on the floor next to the bed) and have a quick look behind furniture or in dark spaces for cockroaches. Smell is also a fairly good indicator! Make sure windows shut properly or you could end up being eaten alive by mosquitoes.
In my opinion, the best way to find decent accommodation is to discover what other people think of a place. This is where the internet excels. My favourite sites for checking the quality of a place are Tripadviser which has hundreds of user reviews of different hotels and B&Bs (some of them very amusing) and Hostelworld which has cheap but usually good quality accommodation listed (again with user reviews). Remember that you don't have to chose a place in the top five listings; many decent places can still be found half way down the list.
I also found Booking.com quite useful in reserving the actual rooms as they don't have an obvious surcharge (I've used most of the big booking sites and they are only good value if you can get a deal when staying more than one day). Hotels.com is a useful alternative, but you will pay a surcharge at the end of the booking process.
Don't make the mistake of thinking that Guest Houses are a poor option. There are some fantastic, clean and inexpensive options all over India. Just do your homework first on the above listed comparison websites.
Homestays are a great way of meeting Indian families and having a great adventure too. I stayed with my friend Anil at the Buena Vista Hut in Wayanad. Check out the site - it lists other homestays around the country too.
Health and Safety
Get comprehensive insurance before you go. I hate insurance. As an insider in the insurance industry for several years I know what a con it can be. However, comprehensive travel insurance is a must. When it comes to your own personal health, you do not want to be stuck in some backwater medical facility suffering from an infected wound just because you can't afford proper treatment.
The biggest threat by far to your health in India is on the roads. According to statistics, India has the most dangerous roads in the world and once you see how Indians drive you'll understand why. Learn how to cross the road properly - always keep your wits about you, keep a steady pace and always stare at the oncoming traffic, gesturing for them to slow down with an upraised palm. Keep looking both ways especially as you near the far side of the road as some people travel the wrong way on bikes near the kerb. Most tourist accidents involve scooters or motorbikes. Only hire one of these if you are confident handling them and you think you understand how the road system works (which I doubt because not even Indians know that). Never drink and drive - the roads are crazy enough when you're sober, and always wear a helmet on a bike.
Malaria is something you should not ignore and dengue fever even more so. Visiting most areas of India does not require you to take anti-malarials (see this map for details of malaria hotspots) but you should always use a deet based mosquito repellent spray or cream (Odomos is a cream you can buy in India which is actually very good). Cover your feet, legs, arms and head (either with clothes or repellent) and wear bright clothing (mosquitoes love emos). The truth is, some people attract mozzies more than others (I'm lucky - I rarely get bitten) and infection rates are quite low but prevention is better than cure - malaria and dengue are rotten illnesses, sometimes fatal. The bites themselves can become very itchy, irritating and occasionally infected.
Diarrhoea is a very common traveller's complaint in India. If you get it, drink lots of fluids with rehydration salts when necessary. If it persists for more than two or three days, seek medical help. Dehydration will weaken you severely and if left untreated can damage your internal organs or kill you.
Always drink bottled water and make sure the bottle is properly sealed as there is a scam where old bottles are filled from the tap and resold. Crush all bottles after you use them to avoid this. You can obtain water purification tablets from any good travel shop for emergencies. Tap water in India is often unchecked and unreliable in terms of cleanliness, and most Indian people have built a natural immunity to many of the bugs that would wipe a foreigner out. Because of this, also avoid ice in drinks.
Similarly, be wary of street food or empty restaurants where "static" food is being exposed to flies and other environmental nasties. Peeled or cut fruit is usually a bad idea unless you cut it yourself.
As part of your medical supplies, bring a sterilised needle kit - you can't be certain that in a medical emergency you or your doctor will have access to a clean needle giving rise to the risk of infection from Hepatitis or AIDS.
Many animals carry rabies in India - you can catch it even if a dog licks an exposed cut on your skin. Rabies is fatal, so be wary of any roaming creatures, no matter how cute they look.
Communication
There are many public phone booths/shops available in India. Just look out for the PCO (local calls) STD (inter-state calls) and ISD (international calls) signs - usually around Internet Cafes which are easily found due to the fact that there are so many of them.
Phone sims can be purchased for your mobile if you have a passport sized photo available. I used Airtel which has extensive coverage all over India. You can also enable GPRS for internet requirements. It is extremely cheap compared to using your own sim card, even for international calls. Note that you have to enable roaming if leaving the state you bought the sim card in, and topping up - which can be done at any small mobile phone shop - will cost slightly more if you are roaming. Make sure your phone has an IMEI number or you won't be able to use it - India banned the use of unregistered phones in December 2009 in the wake of the Mumbai attacks.
Scams
Indian people are generally reserved by nature, so anyone who approaches you on the street - especially near transport hubs and tourist attractions - is doing so because you are being singled out as a tourist and therefore a source of income for them. Of course this isn't always the case, but the number of ingenious scams going on in India that will separate you and your cash - sometimes in very large sums - is endless.
Usually, a firm "No!" will do, but India is the land of the persistent scammer and you must be persistent in turn by putting the palm of your hand in their face or telling them to go forth and multiply vociferously - or better still, be prepared to completely ignore those who approach you as if they didn't exist.
The most common offenders are auto-rickshaw drivers who will attempt to charge you as much as possible if you are from out of town, or try to take you to their "brother's" shop or hotel where you will be massively overcharged and the driver will earn a nice commission out of you. Other scammers just stand around in the street waiting for their mark (i.e. you) and will strike up a conversation with the classic "Where are you from?" or by claiming they are just practising their English.
There are many dodgy travel agents in India too - always shop around or ask your hotel what they can offer. "Too good to be true" offers are usually there to entice you into a place where a trap will be sprung and you'll end up literally paying far more than you bargained for.
Never use a credit card for purchases - cash only. The temptation for some unscrupulous shopkeepers to run up a number of transactions on top of the official one is just too great a temptation. Hotels are generally trustworthy in this respect.
Tout's are usually confidence tricksters - that is, they will try to gain your confidence with sweet words concerning great deals (or even a meal with their families), but you will ultimately pay the price when dumped off on a high pressure sales team or are deposited in a quagmire of a hotel which has the best front desk you've ever seen, but the worst rooms. Again, use common sense. Source all of your hotels or guest houses first and only use these touts if you are desperate and willing to pay the price (which should never happen with a little preparation).
Scammers always ask you if this is your first time in India. This is to determine how gullible you are. Always answer "No."
Never accept food or drink from a stranger. It could potentially be drugged (it's a known scam) and you may end up waking up without your possessions in a hospital with sore orifices (okay, so that's a worst case scenario, but you will usually be robbed at the very least).
There are many other scams in India. To give the scammers credit, some are actually beautifully inventive. To keep up to date with them, check out your guidebook or the IndiaMike Scam Forum. Don't get depressed about all of the scams out there - following the above advice and simply knowing they exist will ensure you don't fall prey to them.
A final word of warning - corruption is rife in India, so try to avoid any reasons for having to contact the local police. You may end up having to buy your way out of any situation you find yourself in.
Shopping
India has been trading goods with other nations for thousands of years and haggling runs in the blood of most Indian people. It is in fact a very social practice and somewhat of a battle of wills. Remember, the idea is not to try to grind someone down so they hardly make a profit, but to reach a mutually acceptable price. What you have in your favour is that if one bazaar is selling that carved rock elephant you desperately want, another will also be selling the same a few metres away and a threat to buy from another trader will nearly always get you a price drop.
Major shops and chain stores operate in the same way as the West, and options for bargaining are limited, but many independent shops will nearly always display the maximum price they want for an item (if there is a price at all).
Remember, as a foreigner you stand out, so prices will often be three times as much as an Indian would be quoted. Start by offering a third of the price and start haggling up. If you don't get the price you like, walk away. This act in itself will usually be enough to get you the price you asked for. If not, there will always be an opportunity to get that item somewhere else.
Toilets
Some would say this is not only my favourite subject, but the main inspiration for my sense of humour. Personally I think they're talking out their arses.
Most toilets in Indian hotels and guest houses are western style. Occasionally you will find squat toilets where you straddle a hole in the ground, squat down and drop one into it. Many places have a small "water gun" hanging by the side of the cistern. This is for spraying a jet of water into your arse crack to clean it. Personally, I found these to be very hygienic - especially for the hot climate - keeping your anus clean, fresh and itch free, especially if you have piles.
Public toilets are few and far between and are about as hygienic as a blocked sewer (which is often what they are).
Showers generally come with two buckets - a large one for filling with hot water which you clean yourself with and a smaller one for filling with the water from the big bucket to pour over yourself. You don't have to use these if the shower works however.
Beggars
Do as your conscience dictates. I've seen a beggar pull out a mobile phone to tell another beggar I was travelling in his direction. I've also seen desperate, starving people that have nearly brought me to tears. Whatever you decide, I would advise not to give to children as this only encourages them (and whoever may be coercing them) into a lifetime of begging and poverty. Instead, buy them some food and do as I do - donate money on a regular basis to one of the many charities that support the poor all over the world. Contrary to popular belief, they don't actually spend all their money on advertising - that's just an excuse for the apathetic and tight bastards.
Also, consider getting involved in an aid program.
Resources
IndiaMike is in my opinion the best travel resource for India, with an excellent forum for any questions you may have about your trip.
Virtual Tourist is useful for seeing other traveller recommendations for local places to visit, especially nightlife. Good scam information here too.
I love Wikitravel. I use it all the time to source possible destinations for my travels.
Lonely Planet guides can be both exasperating and a joy, mainly because of their over-exuberant scare mongering and because every hotel they recommend is full of people carrying Lonely Planet guides. Still, they are definitely useful - especially their "walking tours" if you are only in a place for a short time. Their forum is pretty good too.
Travel Junky is a witty and irreverent site that looks behind the scenes of the major travel destinations. Thoroughly entertaining.
British newspaper, The Guardian’s take on India.
British Government Travel Website is useful for seeing if riots/natural disasters/terrorist threats/alien invasions are coming to a town near you.
The Indian Ministry of Tourism website has some useful info to help plan itineraries, and most importantly lists all the Tourist Offices which are actually very helpful in India.
Foreign Embassies in India. Use this resource to note details of your embassy should you lose your passport or be involved in an accident or crime.
The Library of Congress has a list of Indian Internet resources.
Indian Blog Entries
Overwhelmingly, people comment that one of the most entertaining and informative blogs on India is by a dysfunctional miscreant called Rob Jamieson. Actually, only I would say that, because it's me.
All of the information above is distilled from more than two months of travelling around India which I have extensively blogged. The blog is descriptive of all of the sites I have visited with plenty of pictures and sometimes video clips, and is also highly personal and hopefully amusing. But don't trust me until you've checked it out for yourself.
I've listed each place I've visited in chronological order and by place name to make it easy to scan if you are planning an itinerary. Some links go to the same page if I've covered two places in the same blog.
Bangalore
Chennai
Mamallapuram
Pondicherry
Kumbakonam
Thanjavur
Madurai
Bangalore (again)
Mysore
Wayanad
Kozhicode (Calicut)
Ernakulam
Kochi (Cochin)
Allapuzah (Allapey)
Kovalam
Trivandrum
Padmanabhapuram Palace
Kanyakumari
Goa
Delhi
Agra
Taj Mahal
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Udaipur
Mumbai